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• adit – a horizontal or nearly horizontal underground passage coming to the surface at one end of a mine.

• alluvial – of or pertaining to alluvium; alluvial soil.

• alluvium – a deposit of sand, mud, etc., formed by flowing water.

• assay – to analyze (an ore, alloy, etc.) in order to determine the proportion of gold, silver, or other metal in it.

• claim – something that is claimed, esp. a piece of public land for which formal request is made for mining or other purposes.

• claim-jumper – a person who seizes another’s claim of land, esp. for mineral rights.

• coyote hole – a shallow excavation dug in the ground for mineral exploration or extraction.

• drift – an approximately horizontal passageway in underground mining.

• excavation – an area where rock or alluvium has been removed.

• fools gold – FeS2 – iron pyrite, sometimes mistaken for gold.

• gold – a precious yellow metallic element, highly malleable and ductile, and not subject to oxidation or corrosion. Symbol: Au; atomic.
  weight:96.967; atomic number: 79

• headframe – a structure supporting the hoisting sheaves at the top of a mineshaft. Also called gallows frame.

• lode – a deposit of gold or other minerals.

• malleable – malleability, property of a metal describing the ease with which it can be hammered, forged, pressed, or rolled into thin sheets. Metals vary in this respect; pure gold is the most malleable.

• mercury – a liquid metal used by the miners to concentrate gold Symbol: Hg; atomic. weight: 200.59; atomic number: 80.

• miner – a person who works in a mine.

• mine – to dig in the earth for the purpose of extracting ores or other valuable minerals.

• Mother Lode – a belt of very rich gold-bearing quartz veins.

• nugget – an random shaped piece of gold of medium to large size.

• ore – a mineral-bearing rock, which may be rich enough to be mined at a profit.

• placer – alluvial deposit containing particles or larger pieces of gold or other minerals.

• portal – an entrance to a tunnel, drift or adit in a mine.

• prospect – an excavation undertaken in a search for ore.

• prospecting – the search for mineral deposits suitable for mining.

• quartz – one of the most common of all rock-forming minerals and one of the most important constituents of the earth’s crust. Quartz may be
  transparent, translucent, or opaque; it may be colorless to colored.

• raise – a shaft excavated upward for connecting adjacent levels. The terms “raise” and “winze” are used interchangeably to describe a completed  opening.

• rake – a timber placed at an angle.

• shaft – a vertical or sloping opening, giving access to the various levels of a mine.

• stalactites – a deposit, usually of calcium carbonate, shaped like an icicle, hanging from the roof of a cave or the like, and formed by the dripping of calcareous (containing calcium) water.

• stamp mill – a mill or machine in which ore is crushed to powder by means of heavy stamps or pestles.

• stope – any upward excavation made in a mine, esp. from a steeply inclined vein, to remove the ore that has been rendered accessible by the
  shafts and drifts.

• tailings – refuse material resulting from the washing, concentration, or treatment of ore.

• tunnel – an approximately horizontal underground passage open at both ends.

• vein – a deposit of non-sedimentary origin, which may or may not contain valuable minerals; lode.

• winze – a vertical or inclined shaft, driven downward from a drift into an ore body to another level. (see raise)Resources